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This paper looked at relationships between Korean academic achievement and the level of academic vocabulary. In particular, this paper compared the ability to grasp the contextual and the dictionary meaning, which have not been discussed adequately in vocabulary education to date. First, there was a positive correlation between academic vocabulary and the academic achievement of the Korean language. When the upper and lower groups were divided according to vocabulary level, the correlation between academic vocabulary and academic achievement differed by group. The group that showed the strongest correlation was the group under the vocabulary level. Second, we examined the correlation between the ability to understand contextual meanings and the ability to grasp dictionary meanings with academic achievement, which was also different for each group. In the case of the lower group, both had a significant correlation. The upper group showed significant correlation only in the dictionary meaning. Based on these findings, this paper concluded that different vocabulary education support systems should be provided per learners’ academic vocabulary levels.