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The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between smartphone addiction, interpersonal relation problems, and adjustment to school among adolescents. 412 middle school students in South Chungcheong Province and Sejong City served as subjects. We analyzed the data using Pearson’s correlations and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS 21.0. The results were as follows: First, smartphone addiction, resilience, interpersonal relation problems, and school adjustment all showed significant correlations. Second, it showed the moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between smartphone addiction and interpersonal relation problems. Third, it showed the moderating effect of resilience on the relationship between smartphone addiction and school adjustment. The results suggested that middle school students need a counseling program to improve their resilience and prevent interpersonal relation problems and school maladjustment because of smartphone addiction. Finally, we examined the implications and limitations of this study, including suggestions for future research.