在現代漢語普通話中, 動詞加“得”構成的“V得”形式已不常使用｡ 普通話中一般在“V得”後加上補語成分“C”構成組合式補語結構“V得C”｡ 在屬於西南官話的重慶方言地區, 雖然也使用“V得C”結構, 但日常生活中仍在大量使用“V得”結構表示可能性或能力, 如“吃得”､ “要得”､ “做得”等｡ 我們認爲“V得C”中的“得”已虛化爲結構助詞, 而重慶方言“V得”結構中的“得”字用法, 也是實詞虛化後的結果｡ 本文將從重慶方言“V得”結構入手, 闡述其在現代重慶方言中的用法, 並對“V得”結構進行曆時的考察, 以推測出重慶方言“V得”形式的語法化過程｡ 本文分析了“V得”結構在現代重慶方言中的叁種用法: 1.表示動作“V”實現的可能性; 2.表示“V得”前的主語具備的某種能力或優點; 3.表示動作的完成並已固化爲詞彙形式｡ 其中前兩種屬於能性述補結構用法, 表達的是能性範疇(客觀條件和主觀能力), 第叁種用法可看爲詞彙結構｡ “V得”結構叁種用法在重慶方言中的並存, 可以看成是“得”虛化過程中不同語法功能的殘留｡ 本文對“V得”結構進行了曆時的考察, 分析出重慶方言“V得”結構的語法化過程｡ 即重慶方言中表示能性範疇(客觀條件和主觀能力)的“V得”結構, 最早伴隨著“得”字的虛化, 由表示“否定動作實現可能性”的“V不得”結構語法化而來, 隨後其內部語義分化, 產生“表示動作實現的可能性”和“表示主語具備某種能力”兩種意思, 最終這兩種用法都保存在了重慶方言中｡ 而表示動作完成並固化爲詞彙形式的“V得”結構, 則是先由動詞“得”虛化爲表示動作實現或完成的動相補語, 再與“得”前的動詞緊密結合, 最終語法化爲詞彙形式｡

In modern mandarin, the structure of “V得” formed by adding “得” to the verb is not often used. In mandarin, the complement element “C” is usually added after “V得” to form a combined complement structure “V得C”. In the area of Chongqing dialect which belongs to the Southwest dialect, although the structure of “V得C” is also used, “V得” structure is still widely used in daily life to express possibility or ability, such as “吃得”, “要得”, “做得” and so on. We believe that “得” in “V得C” structure has been grammaticalized as a structural auxiliary word, and the usage of “得” in “V得” in Chongqing dialect is also the result of the grammaticalization of content words. This paper will start from the structure of “V得” in Chongqing dialect, expound its usage in modern Chongqing dialect, and make a diachronic investigation of “V得” structure, so as to infer the grammaticalization process of “V得” in Chongqing dialect. This paper analyzed three usages of “V得” structure in modern Chongqing dialect: 1. Indicates the possibility of the action being realized; 2. Indicates the subject before “V得” has any ability or advantage; 3. Indicates the completion of the action and has been solidified as a vocabulary form. The first two of them belong to the possibility complementary structure which represent the category of “possibility” (objective condition and subjective ability), and the third can be seen as lexical structure. The coexistence of three usages of “V得” in Chongqing dialect can be regarded as the residue of different grammatical functions in the grammaticalization process of “得”. This paper maked a diachronic investigation on the structure of “V得” and analyzed the grammaticalization process of “V得” in Chongqing dialect. That is, the structure of “V得” in Chongqing dialect, which represents the category of possibility(objective condition and subjective ability), was first accompanied by the grammaticalization of “得”, which was grammaticalized from the structure “V不得” that represents “negate the possibility of action realization”. Later, its internal semantics diverged, resulting in two meanings: “indicates the possibility of action realization” and “indicates that the subject has some ability”. Finally, these two usages were preserved in Chongqing dialect. The structure of “V得”, which represents the completion of action and solidifies into a lexical form, was first grammaticalized from the verb “得” into a verb complement that represents the realization or completion of action, then closely combined with the verb before “得”, and finally grammaticalized into a lexical form.

Chongqing dialect, “V得” structure, Possibility complementary structure, Lexical form, Grammaticalization

충칭방언, “V得”구조, 가능성 술보구조, 어휘구조, 문법화