초록 열기/닫기 버튼
‘西勢東漸’, 즉 서양 세력의 동아시아 침략은 19세기 이후 점차 가속화되었다. 서양 세력은 천주교와 무역을 통하여 사회․경제 분야로 침투하였다. 砲艦을 앞세운 위협을 강행하여 교류를 거부하는 국가를 강제로 개항시키고, 자신들에게 유리한 불평등 조약을 관철시켜 유․무형의 이익을 취하였다. 조선에서는 지배체제에 균열이 생기고 사회가 혼란한 때를 틈타 천주교회가 점차 성장하고 있었다. 천주교도들과 서양 세력의 연결은 조선 정부로 하여금 천주교가 국가적으로 심대한 위협 요소가 된다고 인식하게 하였다. 제1․2차 중영전쟁과 이양선의 연해 횡행, 아편의 확산 또한 조선 정부의 대외 위기의식 형성에 영향을 미쳤다. 조선은 성리학을 이념적 기반으로 하여 건국된 국가였다. 자기와 내부로부터 시작하여 타자와 외부로 확장해 나가는 유교 사상에 기반하여, 조선 정부의 위기 대응 방식도 內修外攘論에 입각한 것이었다. 내수에서는 천주교 금압과 서양 상품 유통 금지, 외양에서는 통상수교 거부였다. 조선 정부는 내정 쇄신과 체제 불안 해소를 통하여 대내․외적 위기상황을 타개하려는 노선을 택하였다. 조선 정부는 國富 유출과 사회경제적 폐해의 예방을 위하여 洋物禁斷 조치를 시행하고, 서양의 통상수교 요구에 대하여 人臣無外交의 논리로 거부하였다. 세도정치기에 형성된 기조는 흥선대원군 섭정기에도 유지되고 더욱 강화되었다. 천주교는 여전히 근절되지 않고 있었고 프랑스․미국에게 연이어 침략을 당하게 되자, 斥洋․斥邪 여론은 더욱 고조되었다. 조선 정부의 통상수교 거부정책은 맹목적인 배외 감정과 편협한 華夷觀의 산물만으로 보기는 어렵다. 외세의 침략으로부터 왕조의 유지와 국가의 자존, 민생 보호를 도모하려 하였던 정책이었다는 의의도 동시에 존재한다.
The ‘penetration of Western force into the East’, in other words, the Western force’s invasion into East Asia had gradually accelerated since the 19th century. The Western forces penetrated the social and economic areas through Catholicism and trade. They forced countries, which refused to exchange, to open their ports for trade by threatening them with gunboats, and took the tangible and intangible interests away by forcefully concluding an unequal treaty favorable to them. In the Joseon Dynasty, Catholicism had been growing through the cracks of the ruling system and the social unrest. The connection between Catholics and the Western force led the Joseon government to recognize that Catholicism was a serious threat to the state. The First and Second Opium Wars, coastal rampancy of strange shaped vessels, and the spread of opium also affected the Joseon government’s sense of external crisis. Joseon was a nation founded on the ideological basis of Neo－Confucianism. It was based on Confucian ideas, which begin from the self and inside, and expand to others and outside, the Joseon government’s response to the crisis was based on the ‘Naesuoeyang’ theory. Catholicism was suppressed and the distribution of Western goods banned for the naesu (the self and inside), and the trade and diplomacy request was rejected for the oeyang (others and outside). The Joseon government adopted a route to resolve internal and external crises through internal reform and elimination of system instability. In order to prevent the outflow of the national wealth and the socioeconomic harm, the Joseon government implemented the measure of ‘Yangmoolkeumdan’ (prohibition of the Western goods) and rejected the request of trade and diplomatic relationship from the West with the logic that ‘a subject could not conduct diplomacy’. The basic trend formed under the reign of potentates was maintained and strengthened even during the period of regency under Heungseon Daewongun. As the Joseon dynasty was invaded successively by France and the US while Catholic had still not been eradicated, the public opinion of rejecting the Western and the heterodoxy was heightened much more. It is difficult to view the Joseon government’s policy of rejecting the trade and diplomatic relationship only as the product of blind antiforeign feeling and the prejudiced Sinocentric view. Its significance also exists simultaneously as a policy to seek the maintenance of the dynasty, self－esteem of the state and protection of people’s livelihood against the invasion of foreign forces. In this article, the factors and logic that the Joseon government in the 19th century rejected the trade and diplomatic relationship were investigated, and their significance was discussed. Taken into consideration that there have been a large number of elucidations from ideological and cultural aspects such as Sinocentric view and Wijeongcheoksaron (thought of defending orthodoxy and rejecting heterodoxy), this article focused on the factors and aspects of its actual formation.
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
Penetration of Western forces into the East(西勢東漸), Policy of rejecting the trade and diplomatic relationship(通商修交 拒否政策), Expelling the external force (the Western force) by strengthening the internal order (feudal system)(內修外攘), A subject cannot conduct diplomacy(人臣無外交), prohibition of western goods(洋物禁斷)
