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目前，学界对于汉语南方方言中“有+V”结构的研究还主要是以单个方言里语法现象的描述为主，对于“有”的类型学角度的对比研究还不够深入。而且对于南方方言中“有”字所表示的义项的讨论结果尚未统一，分歧主要集中在“‘有+V’中‘有’用不用作体标记”的问题上。 本稿具体考察结果如下： 第一，根据“空间向时间投射”、“隐喻的转移”以及跨语言中存在领有动词语法化为体标记的大量事实作出判断，汉语南方方言中的“有+V”结构内的“有”是一种体标记。 第二，根据前人研究梳理出“有+V”在汉语方言中的八种功能，具体如下： A:完整体、完成体(“了1、了2”) B:经历体(“过”) C:持续体(“着”) D:进行体(“在/正/正在”) E:即将体(“将要/要~了”) F:表示行为动作达到的程度或说明状态、性质的程度副词(“很”) G:情态助动词:认识情态(“会”)或动力情态(意志“要”) H:表示条件的关联副词(如果/要是～的话) 第三，闽方言中使用“有+V”的地区最多。 第四，跨语言中的领有动词“有”可以变化成表示“存在、将来时、强制(语气)、完成体”的功能，这些功能的变化可以看作是典型的变化，而表示“将来、完成”的功能也见于汉语南方方言中。 第五，汉语中“有+V”与“没(有)+V”在南方方言和普通话中呈现出对称与不对称的对立关系，人们在语言的使用过程中会无意识地去寻找一种与“没有+Ｖ”对称的“有+V”来使用， 从而借用这种对称的结构来填补“没有+Ｖ”与“Ｖ+了”的不对称性。
Currently, the study of ‘有(YOU)+V’ in the Southern Chinese dialect was mostly concentrated on the description of grammatical phenomena of individual dialect. The contrastive study of ‘有(YOU)’ from the perspective of Typological Linguistics was not as good as expected. Moreover, the discussion results on the meaning of the word ‘有(YOU)’ in the Southern Chinese dialect have not been unified. Major disagreement was focused on the question of whether was the ‘有(YOU)’ used as Aspect-marker(体标记) or not. Bases on the large number of literatures reviews and relative discussion, this problem was studied in this paper and the following results were concluded. Firstly, according to the methods of ‘Space to time projection’ and ‘Metaphorical transfer’ and the judgements based on a large number of possessive verb involving the grammaticalisation(词语法) of linguistic signs in the cross-language, the ‘有(YOU)’ in the ‘有(YOU)+V’ structure in Southern Chinese dialect is characterized as a Aspect-marker. Secondly, Eight functions of the ‘有(YOU)+V’ in Chinese dialect have been summarized according to the investigation on former researches, including A：perfective, perfect（‘了1(LE1),了2(LE2)’) B: experiential（‘过(GUO)’） C：continuous（‘着(ZHE)’） D：progressive（‘在/正/正在(ZAI/ZHENG/ZHENGZAI)’） E: future (‘将要/要~了(JIANGYAO/YAO~LE)’) F: The extent to which the behavior is reached or the adverb of degree that explains the status and nature. (‘很(HEN)’) G:Modal Auxiliary：epistemic modality(‘会(HUI)’) and dynamic modality.(volition‘要(YAO)’) H: Correlative adverbs that represent conditions.(要是/如果～的话(YAOSHI/RUGUO~DEHUA)) Thirdly, the largest area among Chinese dialects where the ‘有(YOU)+V’ was used is the Min dialect area. Fourthly, the possessive verb ‘有(YOU)’ in cross-language, can be changed to express the function of EXIST, FUTURE, OBLIGATION OR PERFECT. And these changes in the functions can be regarded as the typical change. The functions of the FUTURE and PERFECT are also found in the Southern Chinese dialect. Finally, the ‘有(YOU)+V’ and the ‘没有(MEIYOU)+V’ presents an opposite relationship between symmetry and asymmetry in the Southern Chinese dialect and Mandarin. People will unconsciously look for the ‘有(YOU)+V’ to use in reality, as a symmetry to ‘没有(MEIYOU)+V’, in order to produce the asymmetry between ‘没有(MEIYOU)+V’ and ‘V+了(LE)’.
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有(YOU)+V, Aspect-marker, linguistic typology, symmetry and asymmetry
