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This study examines the effects of televised presidential debates across different geopolitical contexts in American campaigns and elections, and echoes the series of studies that the authors examined in the previous election cycles. The geopolitical color of states filters newly incoming political information, and their partisan color enhances the tone of political messages in voters’ perception within their geopolitical boundaries. The current study confirmed that voters in blue states became more distinctively favorable toward a Democrat candidate over a Republican candidate in proportion to the accumulated debate exposure, and vice versa for red states. In purple states, the distinctive favorability between two major party candidates became more apparent, and the changes were inversely related with increased debate exposures.
