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How were the engineers professionalized during the 19th century in England? Who were the key players? What kinds of factors were important to establish engineering as a profession? What are the implications of the professionalization process for the present? To answer these questions, this essay examines the organized efforts to gain social respect for engineers, engineering education and training, and qualification of engineers in the 19th century in England. For the professionalization of engineering, engineers’ institutions played important roles by setting the qualification of a professional engineer, by encouraging learning and research of members, and by diffusing the idea of a gentleman engineer. As a new born profession, leading civil engineers including John Smeaton tried to behave like people from other more traditional professions. Especially, the membership of the Institution of Civil Engineers(ICE) with the Royal Charter would bring the engineer the feeling of being a gentleman just like other professions. And to be a member of ICE, apprenticeship or pupilage and some experience at works were minimum criteria. ICE and other engineers’ institutions were in the shop culture. They claimed the best way to train a younger as an engineer was to do apprenticeship and practical work under an excellent engineer. But after 1870 when the school culture began to formulate and expand, they accepted the engineering education at colleges as the substitute of the first 2 or 3 years out of 5-6 year apprenticeship. After the World War I, the population of engineers was too large to be homogeneous to pursue the ideal of gentleman engineer. Instead, more and more engineers’ institutions gained the Royal Charter and their members were referred to “a Chartered Engineer.” But engineers who were sympathetic to the shop culture never gave up the apprenticeship or pupilage in training an engineer. As the result, no matter how the curriculum was good enough to combine the theory and practice in engineering, the certificate or degree of colleges and universities would never be sufficient training to be a Chartered Engineer. In Concluding, the shop culture of English engineers was not replaced by the modern engineering education. It survived in the membership qualification of professional engineering societies, which is the only but informal certificate of a professional engineer. And the notion of professional engineer in England changed from “gentleman engineer” to “chartered engineer.” This is the English style of professionalization of engineering to combine the shop culture and the school culture.
엔지니어의 전문직업화, 작업장 문화, 학교 문화, 토목 엔지니어 협회, 기계 엔지니어 협회, 전기 엔지니어 협회, 신사 엔지니어, 공인 엔지니어
