본 연구는 러일전쟁 이후 주한 일본군 수비대가 의병탄압 과정에서 자행한 학살행위와 주한 일본군 헌병대의 대두, 기구 확장과의 관련성에 대해 통감 이토의 한국 ‘치안유지’ 구상에 초점을 맞춰 고찰하고, 기존의 헌병대 대두론에 새로운 시점을 추가하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 1907년 후기부터 시작되는 주한 헌병대의 본격적인 기구 확장은, 마츠다 토시히코로 대표되는 기존의 선행연구가 주장해 온 것과 같이 세밀배치와 소집단 행동이 가능한 헌병대가 게릴라화한 의병의 진압에 적합했기 때문이라는 논리만으로는 설명할 수 없다. 헌병대의 확장은 일본군 수비대가 의병투쟁 진압과정 중에 자행한 의병과 한국민 학살에 대한 국내외의 강한 비난에 의해 탄압방침을 변경하지 않을 수 없었던 통감 이토의 조치였던 성격이 강했다. 이토는 통감부 설치 이래 하세가와 요시미치 주한일본군 사령관과 대립하고 있었고, 통제하기 힘든 군의 수비대 대신에 통감에게 예속시킨 헌병대의 확장을 통해 한국 경찰기구 확충을 꾀하려고 했던 측면이 강했던 것이다. 본래 이토의 ‘치안유지’ 구상의 중심이었던 문관경찰로는 나날이 고양되는 의병투쟁에 대응할 수가 없었다. 그 때문에 이토는 군대조직이지만 경찰기구로서 통감의 지휘 하에 놓여있던 주한 헌병대의 기구를 확장시켜 고양하는 의병투쟁 문제와 국내외의 비난을 동시에 회피하려고 했던 것이다. 그러나 통설에서처럼 의병탄압의 주도권을 헌병대가 쥐었던 것은 아니었고, 실제로 의병투쟁 고양기 전반에 걸쳐 탄압의 전면에 나서 활동했던 것은 수비대였다. 지금까지 널리 사용되어온 일본군 측의 의병탄압 자료로, 진압활동에 있어 수비대에 대한 헌병대의 우위를 설명하기위한 근거로 사용되어 왔던 『조선폭도토벌지』 부표의 통계에, 수비대가 중심적 역할을 담당했던 동시기 최대 규모의 의병탄압 작전이었던 ‘남한대토벌’ 작전의 성과가 결락되어 있는 문제는, 헌병대가 의병진압에 적합하다는 당시의 헌병대측 논리를 그대로 받아들일 위험성을 내포하고 있다. 작전기간 중 수비대와 헌병대를 라이벌시하며 의병탄압 성과를 올리기에 급급했던 헌병대의 자세도 의문을 증폭시킨다. 헌병대는 의병진압이라고 하는 전투행위에서 무력으로 앞서는 수비대의 능력에 비할 바가 아니었고, 실제로 전체기간을 통틀어 의병진압의 중심은 수비대였다.

This study set out to review the massacres committed by the Japanese Army in Korea in the process of suppressing the Korean loyal troops after Russo-Japanese War, the emergence of the Japanese Military Police(JMP) stationed in Korea, and the relations with its expansion by focusing on Ito Hirobumi's vision of ‘maintenance of public order in Korea.’ It also aimed to add a new perspective to the existing theory about the emergence of the JMP. Previous studies on the subject represented by the one by Matsuda Tosihikosi maintain that the full-scale expansion of the JMP in Korea in the latter half of 1907 was possible because it was proper to suppress the Korean loyal troops that became guerrillas with its detailed arrangement and capability of small group actions. But it's not likely to explain its expansion only with such logic. Its expansion was rather a measure taken by the Japanese Resident-General of Korea Ito, who's forced to change his suppression policy being vehemently criticized home and abroad for the Japanese Army' massive killing of Korean loyal troops and civilians in the course of operation. Ito was in the confrontation with Hasegawa Yoshimichi, who was the commander of the Japanese Army stationed in Korea, since the foundation of the Residency-General. Thus he tried to bulk up the police organization in Korea by expanding the JMP, which was under the direct supervision of the Residency-General, instead of working on the guards that were difficult to control. It was challenging to react to the struggles of Korean loyal troops, which gained force day after day, only with the civilian police, which was the center of his vision of ‘maintenance of public order.’ It's his intention to expand the JMP in Korea, which was under the direct guidance of the Resident-General as a police organization even though it's actually a military organization, in order to deal with the increasing resistance from the Korean loyal troops and to avoid criticism of him home and abroad. However, it's not true that the JMP had the leadership in suppressing the Korean loyal troops as the popular opinion claimed. It was the Japanese Army that took the front line in suppressing them throughout the period in which their resistance surged. Chosunpokdotobeolji has been used as the source of statistics for Japan to suppress the Korean loyal troops and as the ground for the researchers to explain about the superiority of the JMP to the Japanese Army in the suppression operations. But it misses the results of “Operation: Massive Subjugation of South Korea,” which was the largest operation of oppressing the Korean loyal troops in the period when the Japanese Army played a central role. That poses a risk of accepting the logic maintained by the JMP that it was the right force to suppress the Korean loyal troops in those years. Its attitude of making itself as the rival to the Japanese Army during operations and concentrating on performance results also raises questions. The fact is that the JMP was not even close to the Japanese Army whose military power was by far more overwhelming in the combat actions of suppressing the Korean loyal troops. As a matter of fact, it was the Japanese Army that played the pivotal role in suppressing the Korean loyal troops throughout the entire period.

This study set out to review the massacres committed by the Japanese Army in Korea in the process of suppressing the Korean loyal troops after Russo-Japanese War, the emergence of the Japanese Military Police(JMP) stationed in Korea, and the relations with its expansion by focusing on Ito Hirobumi's vision of ‘maintenance of public order in Korea.’ It also aimed to add a new perspective to the existing theory about the emergence of the JMP. Previous studies on the subject represented by the one by Matsuda Tosihikosi maintain that the full-scale expansion of the JMP in Korea in the latter half of 1907 was possible because it was proper to suppress the Korean loyal troops that became guerrillas with its detailed arrangement and capability of small group actions. But it's not likely to explain its expansion only with such logic. Its expansion was rather a measure taken by the Japanese Resident-General of Korea Ito, who's forced to change his suppression policy being vehemently criticized home and abroad for the Japanese Army' massive killing of Korean loyal troops and civilians in the course of operation. Ito was in the confrontation with Hasegawa Yoshimichi, who was the commander of the Japanese Army stationed in Korea, since the foundation of the Residency-General. Thus he tried to bulk up the police organization in Korea by expanding the JMP, which was under the direct supervision of the Residency-General, instead of working on the guards that were difficult to control. It was challenging to react to the struggles of Korean loyal troops, which gained force day after day, only with the civilian police, which was the center of his vision of ‘maintenance of public order.’ It's his intention to expand the JMP in Korea, which was under the direct guidance of the Resident-General as a police organization even though it's actually a military organization, in order to deal with the increasing resistance from the Korean loyal troops and to avoid criticism of him home and abroad. However, it's not true that the JMP had the leadership in suppressing the Korean loyal troops as the popular opinion claimed. It was the Japanese Army that took the front line in suppressing them throughout the period in which their resistance surged. Chosunpokdotobeolji has been used as the source of statistics for Japan to suppress the Korean loyal troops and as the ground for the researchers to explain about the superiority of the JMP to the Japanese Army in the suppression operations. But it misses the results of “Operation: Massive Subjugation of South Korea,” which was the largest operation of oppressing the Korean loyal troops in the period when the Japanese Army played a central role. That poses a risk of accepting the logic maintained by the JMP that it was the right force to suppress the Korean loyal troops in those years. Its attitude of making itself as the rival to the Japanese Army during operations and concentrating on performance results also raises questions. The fact is that the JMP was not even close to the Japanese Army whose military power was by far more overwhelming in the combat actions of suppressing the Korean loyal troops. As a matter of fact, it was the Japanese Army that played the pivotal role in suppressing the Korean loyal troops throughout the entire period.

Ito Hirobumi, Hasegawa Yoshimichi, Korea's public order vision, the military chain of command, the Japanese Army stationed in Korea, the Japanese Military Police stationed in Korea