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We investigated the co-stimulatory role of a cellsurface protein, CD99. Co-ligation of CD99 and suboptimal CD3 induced T-cell activation to a level comparable to that obtained with optimal CD3 or CD3+CD28. We also noted concomitant enhancement of the earliest T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling events. In addition, co-ligation of CD99 and CD3 led to translocation of TCR complexes into the lipid raft, without concomitant migration of CD99 to the raft, and consequent enhancement of TCR ζ-mediated signal 1. These data demonstrate the unique pro - perties of CD99 co-stimulation that distinguish this molecule from CD28 and other raft-resident costimulatory factors.