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This paper to study the Confucian thought of political reform in 17th-century, the period of radical changes shifting from Ming dynasty to Qing dynasty, laid emphasis on its basic structure and varieties between the ideas of Huang zongxi(黃宗羲) and Gu yanwu(顧炎武). Two great Confucian scholars to construct practical learning(實學) trend, had many common factors in their political economy and empirical method. Both emphasized the decentralization of political power against the long political tradition of emperor's despotic rule in Chinese empire. The ideas of political decentralization were logically based on the joint rule of sovereign and subject, and Confucian principle of government for the people, which was called public-minded world view(公天下). They also emphasized Confucian tradition of public opinion(淸議) to criticize political realities as the dynamics of political reform. But there are also considerable varieties between two scholars as representatives of the school of classics and history. Having priority to empirical learning, Gu presented relatively moderate reform plans, for instance, the decentralization and efficiency of local administration, the renovation of public morals and autonomy of great kinship. Then Huang as Yangming(陽明) philosopher, advocated the radical reform of central government as well as local administration, and inquire into the devices to govern by law and institutionalize the public opinion, even though the ideas were very immature. Finally, it's told that the two scholars' reform ideas were motivated by innovate the empire's defence of border, whose military frailty was caused by the excessive centralization of empire's political system.
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經史學派, 皇帝專制, 華夷論, 封建郡縣, 邊防, 分權, 君臣共治, 法治, 民本, 公天下, 淸議school of classics and history, imperial despotism, Sino-barbarian division, feudality and centralized rule, defense of border, decentralization of power, joint rule by sovereign and subject, government by law, principle for the people, public-minded world view, Confucian public opinion
