초록 열기/닫기 버튼
이 글에서는 항해를 둘러싼 신앙의 층위와 상호관련성에 대해 논의하였다. 항해는 ‘배로 바다 위를 이동하여 목적지에 도착’하는 일련의 과정이기 때문에 배, 포구, 바다가 밀접하게 연관될 수밖에 없다. 즉, 항해를 하는 동안 선신신앙과 당신앙, 해신신앙이 유기적으로 연관될 수밖에 없는 것이다. 이러한 점을 염두에 두고 선신‧당신‧해신의 전승양상과 기능을 점검하고, 항해신앙이라는 틀에서 각각의 층위와 상호관련성을 고찰하였다. 먼저 배서낭으로 대표되는 선신(船神)의 유형과 금기, 기능을 주목하였고, 그 결과 항해와 관련하여 예지기능에 특화되어 있음을 확인하였다. 다음으로는 당신(堂神)의 해역신적 기능에 대해 주목하였다. 해역신의 존재는 주로 서해와 남해지역에서 확인되었다. 연평도의 임경업장군, 부안 수성당의 개양할미, 해남의 땅끝의 갈산마을 당할머니, 남해의 최영장군 등이 대표적인 해역신으로 파악되었다. 이들 해역신은 풍어나 항해 등의 기능으로 특화된 상태였고 위력 또한 매우 강력했다. 끝으로 해신으로서 용왕의 위상과 기능을 확인하였다. 용왕은 해신을 대표하는 신으로 알려져 있지만, 실상 바다 외에도 지역의 수호신, 기자(祈子)의 대상, 풍농의 신, 수신(水神) 등등 다양한 기능을 가지고 있었다. 그리고 바다의례에서도 겉모습으로는 의례의 주신이지만, 실제 의례에서는 놀림의 대상이 되고 마을의 액을 가지고 멀리 떠나는 존재로 등장하기도 한다. 이상의 논의를 정리하여 선신신앙, 당신앙(해역신앙), 해신(용왕)신앙을 상호관계 속에서 파악하고, 신의 위력과 항해와의 관련성을 파악하였다. 결론적으로 해역신으로 확장되어있는 당신이 항해신의 면모를 갖추고 있었고 위력도 가장 강한 것으로 파악되었다. 용왕은 해신으로서 대표성은 유지할지라도 그 위력은 가장 약하고 항해와의 관련성도 미흡한 것으로 파악되었다.
This paper focuses on divinity relations surrounding sailing beliefs and divides their status and levels. Even though it would be desirable to explore sailing beliefs in earnest, there are few studies that cover the current sailing beliefs in Korea’s academic circles and most of all, it is not clear what should be referred as sailing beliefs. Therefore, several discussions have been conducted under the idea that this study should come close to the true nature of beliefs regarding sailing. Before proceeding discussions, the subjects related to sailing beliefs are assumed to be ship gods, shrine gods(village gods) and sea gods. Since sailing is a series of processes to ‘arrive a destination by moving on the sea with a ship,’ this study focuses on ship gods, shrine gods and sea gods under the correlation among them by considering a structure in which ships, ports and the sea are closely related each other. This study draws relatively interesting findings. By clearly identifying three kinds of divinity that used to be unclearly mixed together in previous studies, this study can show levels and characteristics that form sailing beliefs. First, this study focuses on ship gods. This study identifies how ship gods represented by Baeseonang are handed down, finds various taboos related to sailing and shows the principle under which those taboos work today. In addition, this study finds that Baeseonang has the prediction function related to sailing. Second, it focuses on shrine gods(village gods). It also pays attention to cases in which their function is extended as sea area gods. The existence of sea area gods is found mainly in the western and southern sea regions. General Lim Gyeon-up belief in Yeonpyeong-do has been handed down throughout the croaker catching area in the west coast and Gaeyanghalmi of Suseong shrine in Buan plays a role as the sea area god that governs Sea Chilsan. Ttangkkeut maul shrine in Haenam plays a role as the sailing god on the corner that divides into the west sea and the south sea and it is assuming its post as a home port of archipelago. General Choi Young in the south sea is confirmed its position as the sea area god in this region. These sea area gods are very powerful and strong specific to a big catch or sailing function. Third, the status and functions of the Dragon King as the sea god are examined. Even though the Dragon King is known as the representative god of sea gods, it has various functions as the guardian that protects not only the sea but also the region, the subject of praying for sons, the god for fertility and the water god. And in the sea ritual, it is the main god of the ritual on the surface but it becomes an object of ridicule and appears as an existence that will leave the village with bad luck of the village in the actual ritual. By finding these aspects of the Dragon King, this paper can come closer to the true nature of sailing beliefs and sea beliefs. At last, this study identifies the interrelation of status among ship gods, shrine gods and sea gods and draws the relationship between power of gods and sailing. Consequently, it is found that shrine gods that extend as sea area god have aspects as sailing gods and their power is the strongest. it is also found that the Dragon King’s power is the weakest and its relationship with sailing is insufficient even through it can maintain its position as a representative god of sea gods.
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
ailing beliefs, ship gods, shrine gods(village gods), Dragon King, sea gods, taboos related to sailing, sailing god, water god
