본 논문은 19세기 산문론의 양상을 ‘實’이라는 하나의 주제개념을 통해 그 일단을 살피고자 하였다. 특히 당송계 고문론자들을 대상으로 하였는데, 이들은 자신들의 문학론에서 ‘實’과 함께 ‘見識’이라든지 ‘妙悟’등의 개념을 중요하게 다루고 왔다. 그들은 작가로서의 창의적인 통찰[妙悟]을 통해 ‘見識’을 얻고, 이것을 토대로 ‘實’한 문학을 창작할 것을 주장하였다. ‘견식’과 ‘묘오’가 창작주체로서 갖추어야 할 요건이라고 한다면, ‘실’은 문학이 지향하고 성취해야 할 가치를 가리키는 것이다. 19세기를 크게 전기중기후기 세 세대로 구분하여 각 시기별로 주요 작가를 중심으로 고찰하였는데, 전기에는 홍석주김매순홍길주를, 중기에는 유신환과 박규수를, 후기에는 한장석과 김윤식을 대표로 하였다. 文道合一의 전통 속에서 실효성있는 실질적인 학문세계를 추구했던 전기 문인들의 ‘실’에 대한 생각이 차츰 중후기로 넘어가서는 그 현실적 대안으로 實事와 世務의 문제로 더욱 구체화되어 가는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 자신들의 학문과 문학이 현실과 결코 동떨어진 것일 수 없다는 인식이 문학론의 주요 근간으로 자리잡고 있었던 것이다. 흔히 19세기 사대부문학이 20세기 한문학의 몰락으로 인해 대체로 부정적으로 인식되어 왔지만, 현실에 대해 학문과 문학의 실질성을 강조했던 이들을 통해 문학정신이 건재하게 살아있었음을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 학문에서 실학의 행방에 대한 고찰과 함께 후대 사대부문학의 행방을 고찰하는 중요한 단초가 될 것이다.

This essay is to look over an aspect of the prose theory in the nineteenth century by the notion of the 'Sil'[實]. It targets, especially, the ancient theoretician affiliated to Tand and Sung dynasties in China, who very importantly treated the notions of the 'Judgment'[見識] and 'Spiritual Awaken'[妙悟] as well as the 'Sil'. They got the 'Judgment' under their ingenious insights as writers, and on the basis of this they asserted to create the realistic literature. In case that the 'Judgment' and 'Spiritual Awaken' are the basic elements for the main of the creation, the 'Sil' is the best value that literature intends to gain and achieve. This essay separates the nineteenth into the first, middle and latter periods and studies the main writers by periods. That is, it targets Hond seok-ju[洪奭周], Hong gil-ju[洪吉周] and Kim mae-seun[金邁淳] in the first period, Yu shin-whan[兪莘煥], Pak gyu-su[朴圭壽] in the middle period, and Han jang-seok[韓章錫] and Kim yun-sik[金允植]. In the first period, writers pursued the practical and effective literature world under a tradition of the union of literature and morality. In the middle and latter, actual (or personal) and social affairs are concretized as the realistic alternative plan. It was the important concern to them that their studies and literature could not be isolated from their contemporary. Although the gentility literature in the nineteenth was negatively recognized because of the fall of Chinese classics in the twenty century, we can see that the mind of literature is well by the text of those writers, whose emphases were that study and literature should be realistic about the contemporary days. So, I wish that this is the serious and stable foundation to look over traces of the gentility literature in the latter period as well as a consideration about the trace of realism.

This essay is to look over an aspect of the prose theory in the nineteenth century by the notion of the 'Sil'[實]. It targets, especially, the ancient theoretician affiliated to Tand and Sung dynasties in China, who very importantly treated the notions of the 'Judgment'[見識] and 'Spiritual Awaken'[妙悟] as well as the 'Sil'. They got the 'Judgment' under their ingenious insights as writers, and on the basis of this they asserted to create the realistic literature. In case that the 'Judgment' and 'Spiritual Awaken' are the basic elements for the main of the creation, the 'Sil' is the best value that literature intends to gain and achieve. This essay separates the nineteenth into the first, middle and latter periods and studies the main writers by periods. That is, it targets Hond seok-ju[洪奭周], Hong gil-ju[洪吉周] and Kim mae-seun[金邁淳] in the first period, Yu shin-whan[兪莘煥], Pak gyu-su[朴圭壽] in the middle period, and Han jang-seok[韓章錫] and Kim yun-sik[金允植]. In the first period, writers pursued the practical and effective literature world under a tradition of the union of literature and morality. In the middle and latter, actual (or personal) and social affairs are concretized as the realistic alternative plan. It was the important concern to them that their studies and literature could not be isolated from their contemporary. Although the gentility literature in the nineteenth was negatively recognized because of the fall of Chinese classics in the twenty century, we can see that the mind of literature is well by the text of those writers, whose emphases were that study and literature should be realistic about the contemporary days. So, I wish that this is the serious and stable foundation to look over traces of the gentility literature in the latter period as well as a consideration about the trace of realism.

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'Sil', Judgment, Spiritual Awaken, public affairs, practical use