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The present investigation was aimed at examining Korean EFL listeners' ability to identify function and content words and how EFL proficiency affected their identification of function and content words. A total of 120 participants, assigned to low and high level groups, performed a listening task and 40 of them took part in a post-task interview. The results showed that Korean EFL listeners performed significantly worse in identifying function words than in identifying content words, which was attributed to their lack of knowledge of English phonology encompassing schwa. Concerning the impact of proficiency, it was found that proficiency significantly influenced Korean EFL listeners' ability to identify function and content words. What was noteworthy was that vocabulary knowledge could serve as a predictor for the identification of function words. In terms of pedagogical implications, the study suggests that more adequate instruction in English phonology in connection with the identification of function and content words should be provided to Korean EFL listeners taking into account proficiency levels.