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The present study investigated the influence of the first language (L1) on 111 Korean high school students’ knowledge of 16 adjective-noun and 18 verb-noun collocations. Instruments included vocabulary size test, general language proficiency test, and two types of collocation test (an A-or-B selection test and a phrase-acceptability judgment test). The collocation tests involved both congruent and incongruent collocations (17 each). In order to examine how confusion arising from synonymy affects the acquisition of congruent collocations, synonyms were given as choices for congruent collocations. The results showed that although synonymy interfered with their choices for congruent collocations, incongruent collocations were more difficult to acquire. In addition, there existed a significant difference in their knowledge of adjective-noun and verb-noun collocations by level of vocabulary size and general language proficiency.