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The students who first entered the Jinshi-guan that opened in May 1904 were mainly composed of the Jinshi who had passed the capital examination in 1903, while it was opened to Jinshi who had passed the two former capital examinations. How large was the number of the first students ? The number of Jinshi-guan students who attended a graduation examination was 106, among which 85 were the Jinshi of 1903, 3 the Jinshi of 1895, 9 the Jinshi of 1898, 6 the Jinshi of 1884 and 3 were unknown. If we consider all of these the first Jinshi-guan students, the number of the first students was at least 106. And there might be students who stopped studying on the way or could not attend the graduation examination. Therefore, 85 1903-Jinshi among 106 must be the least number. And it is proved that total 102 Jinshi of 1903 capital examination entered Jinshi-guan. When we consider all of these the first students of the Jinshi-guan though it is possible that some entered the Jinshi-guan as the second student, the rate of 1903 Jinshi who entered Jinshi-guan becomes around 32%. If we suppose that all of these 102 Jinshi were the first Jinshi-guan students and only 85 of them took the graduation examination, with 17 not taking the examination, the number increases to at least 123. Enen if we suppose all of 102 were the first students of Jinshi-guan, the number of Jinshi that entered the Jinshi-guan just occupied 1/3 of all 1903 Jinshi. It is surprising, considering their entrance was obligatory. What was the reason ? This is significant because it shows us what the response of the 1903 Jinshi to the Jinshi-guan was. While 9 of the best 10 Jinshi of 1903 capital examination entered the Jinshi-guan, none of the lowest grade Jinshi entered. Among 102 Jinshi of the 1903 capital examination who entered the Jinshi-guan, all of the three first grade Jinshi and 76 of the 138 second grade Jinshi entered Jinshi-guan, meanwhile only 23 of the 174 third grade did. The lower the grade was, the lower the rate of entrance was. The reason that the third grade Jinshi was not inclined to enter the Jinshi-guan was mainly because they were appointed to the local administration posts rather than capital government offices. In fact, those appointed to the local administration offices had no way to enter the Jinshi-guan. The third grade Jinshi appointed to the capital government office was able to enter the insitute, which is proved by the fact that 19 of the third grade Jinshi who took the graduation examination all had occupied capital government posts. Another reason that many of the 1903 Jinshi did not enter the Jinshi-guan was higher age. Jinshi over 35 years old did not have to enter the Jinshi-guan. As Jinshi was older, he is inclined to try to take local administration post rather than the capital government offices, because waiting lists for the capital government office was too long. And for them to stay in boarding house was also a difficulty. Besides this, considering that there was no tuition, and boarding house was freely provided, and large amount of stipend was supplied, with 240 liang(兩) to Hanlin(翰林) and Zhongsu(中書), and 160 liang to Zhushi(主事), we can confer that the response of the 1903 Jinshi to Jinshi-guan would not be so bad. 100% of the first top three(1甲), and 55% of the second grade(2甲) Jinshi entered Jinshi-guan. Although the obligatory boarding house life and their resistance against new learnings could influence their decision a little, the low rate of entrance into Jinshi-gaun was mainly because only a small number of the third grade(3甲) Jinshi entered Jinshi-guan, the most important reason of which was that most of the third grade Jinshi were appointed to local administrative offices and were of higher age. Jinshi-guan encountered the large difficulty of the abolition of state examination system(科擧) in September, 1905. It lost personnel resources to fill with. Consequently the change of management for Jinshi-guan was inevitable. It decided to send the second students in a large scale to Tokyo Hosei University(東京法政大學) in Japan in October, 1906. However, because the first students were scheduled to graduate in the end of that year, they were decided to keep on studying in Jinshi-guan. The number of the students who took the graduation examination in January 1907 was 106, among which those who had stayed in boarding house(內班) were 77, and those who had stayed at home(外班) were 28, and one was student who had returned from oversea study. Generally students who had stayed in the boarding house earned far better achievements in the examination than those who stayed outside. Students' achievement was classified in 4 grades such as "excellent(最優等)", "good(優等)" "plain(中等)" and "inferior(下等)". And among the 77 boarding-house students, 38 were valued as "excellent", 21 as good, 16 as "plain" and 2 as "inferior". On the contrary, outside staying students were composed of 0 excellent, 11 goods, 17 plains and 0 inferior. Boarding house life might be helpful for their study. And it is also confirmed that excellent students in state examination also won better scores. Authority provided promotions for 90 among 106 Jinshi students who had taken the graduation examination in April, 1907. Providing promotions for new school students or students having studied abroad was government policy to encourage new education. There was no discrimination in promotion between boarding house students and outside staying students in the case of the first Jinshi-guan graduates. Considered criteria were the state examination(朝考授職) and the graduation examination(成績等級), among which the state examination achievement was decisive. However good score they got in the graduation examination, they were not able to overcome the grade in the state examination. For example, those who became Zhushi or Zhongshu in each department were not able to enter the National Academy(Han-lin-yuan), however excellent score they got in the graduation examination. Generally two official ranks promotion was allowed. For example, the second grade(2甲 )or the third grade(3甲) Shujishi(庶吉士) could get the two ranks higher posts like Hanlinyuan Pienshu(編修) or Jiant'ao(檢討). All the graduates except one unknown were composed of 54 Hanlin, 48 Zhushi, 3 Zhongshu, with the rate of Hanlin 51%, Zhushi 46% and Zhongshu 3%. Among 54 Hanlin 53 stayed in boarding house with one exception. And Among 77 boarding house students, 53 were Hanlin, 22 were Zhushi, one was Zhongshu and one was classified as 'unknown', with the rate of 70：29：1 %. The rest were outside staying students. 6 of 40 Zhushi won the "excellent" grade, all of whom were boarding house students. One of three Zhongshi got the "excellent" grade and he was also a boarding house student. We can see here that boarding house students were better in examination than outside staying students. 54 Hanlin were made up of 57 % excellent, 26% good, 15% plain, and 2% inferior. And 40 Zhushi were composed of 13% excellent, 60% good, 27% plain, and 0% inferior. Zhongshu were composed of 33% excellent, 67% good, 0% plain and 0% inferior. Hanlin's have got better grade in graduation examination than Zhushi or Zhongshu's. On the whole, it could be said that what was more decisive in their achievement in the examination was whether they stayed in boarding house or not, rather than whether they had belonged to Hanlin or not. However, analyzing the examination achievements of the boarding house students only, we can have another conclusion. Among 76 boarding house students except one unknown case, Hanlin students were composed of 58% excellent, 26% good, 13% plain and 2% inferior, while Zhushu students were composed of 27% excellent, 45% good, 27% plain and 0% inferior. Generally Hanlin students' achievements were better than Zhushi students, though 2 inferiors were included among Hanlin students. Hanlin students not only had won better grades in the capital examination, but also in the graduation examination of the Jinshi-guan.
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
Jinshi Academy, Imperial University, Jing-shi da-xue-tang, New Education, Last Jinshi, Social Change
進士館, 京師大學堂, 新敎育, 癸卯科進士, 社會變化
