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The ‘Krasnoe Selo(Красное Село)’ represented administratively more than eleven Koreans villages. Russian authorities named it in the late 19th century and it means ‘beautiful village’ or ‘red village’ in Russian. Korean name, ‘Noktundo(鹿屯島)’ is presumably related to an older Jurchen name for the island, ‘Sachami(沙次亇)’ or ‘Sachimma(沙沈麻).’ The ‘nok(鹿)’ whose meaning is ‘a deer’ remains both in the Korean and Jurchen names for the island. This region was originally an delta island(河中島) at the mouth of the Tuman River(豆滿江), but it came to lose its feature as an island when the left side stream of the Tuman River gradually disappeared. When the Beijing Treaty(北京條約) was concluded between Russia and China in 1860, the region became the territory of Russia. Accordingly, Koreans who migrated to Russia knew that the region was no longer an island and came to call the village, ‘Noktun(鹿屯)’ or ‘Nokpyeong(鹿坪)’ dropping the ‘do(island)’ from the original name of Noktundo(Noktun Island). Korean farmers from the Six Garrisons(六鎭), a border region of North Korea, colonized the region and built more than eleven villages which existed until Stalin’s forced deportation of Koreans to Central Asia. The purpose of this work is to trace the history of the Korean villages which administratively belonged to Krasnoe selo with the focus on their names and geographical location. While Korean scholars generally stress the implication of potential territorial issues between Russia and Korea, this paper is a part of a larger regional study or history of Korean migration to Russia. Although individual Korean villages belonging to the Krasnoe Selo were not founded at the same time, more than one village were at the latest formed in 1875 and their formation was officially recognized by the Russian authorities in 1880. By the early 1890s, the number of villages had increased to eleven. Some Korean scholars contend that Koreans moved to ‘Noktundo’ before 1860 and had lived there thereafter pointing to the geographical proximity of ‘Noktundo’ from the border area of North Korea. However, there is no evidence supporting that hypothesis. They failed to give consideration to the relatively unfavorable natural environment of the region such as strong wind from the sea, frequent floods, and sand in a large portion of arable land. In addition, the Korean government kept a harsh policy of executing people who illegally crossed the Tuman River(越江罪). More importantly, it was indispensable to protect settled farmers from the seasonal plundering of Manchu bandits(Honghuz, 紅鬍賊). The encouraging and supporting policy of the Russian authorities eventually made it possible for Korean farmers to settle in the region in late 1870s. By relying on old documents and maps, it is possible to identify the names and geographical locations of Koreans villages which belonged to the Krasnoe Selo. By identifying the names and geographical names of the Korean villages, it is possible to restore history and culture of Korean residents who by 1937 had built and developed these now abandoned villages. The names of the villages contain incalculable information about history, culture and languages of resident. In this sense, this work can be a academic foundation for regional studies and history of Koreans in the Russian Maritime Province(Primorye). All the names of the Korean villages in the Krasnoe Selo are originally Korean. It is a result of the fact that all residents of the villages were Koreans except for the Russian soldiers guarding the borderline. Only the administrative name for the region, Krasnoe Selo, was Russian. These villages are also unique in that Korean villages in other regions often had names of varied origins such as Tungus-Manchuria, China, Russia and Korea. The majority of villages were named after rivers or lakes which were located nearby. Such hydronyms were similarly found in Korean villages in other regions where one can presume that the Korean residents were basically farmers who considered such natural resources essential for farming. In the 1880s, the population of Krasnoe Selo(113 households) ranked third in the Ianchikhinskii bolost’(township, myeon in Korean) after Ian’chikhe village(煙秋) and Naseondong village(羅鮮洞). By 1929, the population of Krasnoe selo village soviet grew to 1,883 (322 households) smaller than only Ian’chikhe village soviet(2,250 people of 365 households). However, the military conflict in 1929 between the Soviet Special Far Eastern Army and the army of Zhang Xuenliang, son and successor of the Chinese Manchurian warlord Zhang Zoulin, brought about the end of seven among thirteen villages together with other Korean villages in Sino-Russian border area. About 60% of Krasnoe Selo residents were forced to move out of their village. Nevertheless, the Korean residents of Krasnoe Selo were faithful to the Soviet policy of collectivization until the forced deportation to Central Asia in 1937. The full-scale deportation of Koreans meant not only the separation of Koreans residents from their living places but also the loss of their living facilities. The disappearance of residents who built and named the villages have left those names lifeless and existing today only in old written documents and maps.
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녹둔도, 크라스노예 셀로, 러시아 연해주, 두만강, 한인마을
