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본 조사 연구에서는 한국인들이 이주민 집단들(즉, 이주노동자, 결혼이주여성, 다문화가정자녀, 새터민 및 조선족)에 대해 가지는 태도가 내집단에 대한 태도와 비교해 얼마나 부정적이며, 또한 이러한 태도가 집단정체성, 문화적응 관련 신념 및 집단간 접촉 정도에 의해 어떻게 영향 받는지를 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전국적 조사 연구를 실시하여 한국인 1800명(성인 1000명, 중고등학생 800명)을 다단계층화 표집방법을 통해 표집하고 개별 인터뷰 방법으로 응답하도록 하였다. 그 결과, 예상대로 한국인들은 강한 내집단 편애 혹은 상대적 외집단 비하 태도를 나타냈는데, 대상 집단에 따라 다른 태도가 나타났으며 특히 청소년들의 이주민에 대한 태도가 성인에 비해 더욱 부정적이었다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 사회정체 이론이 제안하는 대로 한국인으로서의 정체성이 높을수록 이주민에 대한 편견적 태도가 더 높았는데, 이러한 효과는 정체성위협이 높아질수록 더 강해졌다. 또한 접촉 수와 달리 접촉 빈도만이 편견감소를 예측하는 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 접촉과 신념간의 상호작용이 편견적 태도를 예측하였다. 마지막으로 접촉 빈도와 동화주의 신념이 편견에 미치는 영향 과정은 각각 집단간 불안이나 위협감(이득, 정체성)에 의해 매개된다는 결과가 나타났다. 이러한 결과의 이론적 의미와 현실적 의미에 대해서 논의하였다.
This survey research investigated whether Koreans’ attitudes toward migrants were affected by group identity, acculturation-related ideologies, threat, and intergroup contact. More specifically, we compared Koreans’ attitudes toward five different migrant groups (i.e., migrant workers, marriage migrant women, children of multicultural family, North Korean defectors and ethnic Koreans in China) to those toward Koreans (i.e., ingroup). We also explored whether prejudice toward migrants was affected by the in-group identification as Koreans, multiculturalism or assimilation ideologies, and the degree of contact with the migrants. To explore these issues, we conducted a nation-wide survey using the stratified sampling method, in which 1,000 Korean adults and 800 adolescents participated and responded to the questionnaire items asking about their attitudes (i.e., feeling thermometer, social distance, ideology, identification) through individual interviews. As expected, the results demonstrated that Koreans exhibited strong in-group favoritism: they evaluated their in-group more favorably than the migrant groups on the feeling thermometer scale, and the in-group favoritism of adolescents was stronger than that of adults. The results also demonstrated that in line with the social identity theory, high in-group identifiers showed more negative attitudes toward migrant groups than low in-group identifiers, especially when the participants perceived high identity (i.e., symbolic) threat. The hierarchical regression analyses on the social distance measures (i.e., ingroup-outgroup) demonstrated that the more Koreans endorsed assimilation ideology, the more the number of out-group acquaintances and the more they perceived realistic threats, the more negative their attitudes toward migrants became. On the other hand, endorsing multiculturalism ideology and contacting the migrants more frequently was associated with more positive out-group attitudes. Finally, intergroup anxiety as well as identity threat or realistic threat, respectively partially mediated the effects of contact frequency(or the endorsement of assimilation ideology or value of authoritarianism) on attitudes toward migrants. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of these results.
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attitudes towards migrants in Korea, social identity, multiculturalism, assimilation ideology, contact
