근대는 투어리즘(tourism, 觀光)이 개막한 시대이다. 한국의 경우, 투어리즘이 본격적으로 시작된 시기 는 일제강점기인데 그 중 고적관광은 식민지 조선의 대표 이미지로 널리 선전되었다. 특히 일제강점 초 기부터 주목된 곳은 경주이다. 본고는 일제강점기에 경주가 고적관광지로 부상하는 과정에 작용한 식민 당국의 기획은 무엇이며 일본지식인의 경주여행에서 나타난 조선전통문화에 대한 관심이 어떠한 맥락에 서 이루어진 것인지, 나아가서 경주와 조선의 전통문화에 대한 인식이 어떻게 전승되었는지를 검토함으 로써 일제강점기 경주고적관광의 식민성을 살펴보고자 한다. 식민당국에 의한 경주 발굴과 보존, 관광지화 사업 과정에 작용한 기획은 첫째, 당시 다른 제국주의국 가가 ‘야만적’인 식민지의 문화유산을 발굴하고 분석, 재구성하여 ‘문명국가’의 ‘선진학문’을 과시했던 모 습을 모방함으로써 제국주의국가로서의 위용을 과시하고자 한 점, 둘째, 일본이 고대에 신라를 지배했다 는 설을 입증하기 위한 현장으로 기념하여 일본의 조선지배의 역사적 명분을 확고하게 하는 것, 셋째, 조 선의 전통문화를 일본식민당국이 발굴·보존한다는 점을 부각시켜 일본의 ‘선정’이 베풀어지고 있다는 점을 선전하기 위한 것 등을 들 수 있다. 이러한 식민당국의 기획은 이곳을 여행하는 일본지식인의 경주발견의 내용을 통해 한층 완성되었다. 즉 경주에서 조선 문화의 가치를 이야기하는 일본지식인들은 이를 ‘동양’의 보편문화의 관점에서 해석하 며 조선인이 미처 발견하지 못한 가치를 대신 발견해주는 일본의 ‘스승적인 역할’을 드러내는 한편 과거 에는 번성했지만 현재에는 쇠퇴한 조선의 모습을 대비시킴으로서 일본에 지배당할 수 밖에 없는 ‘식민지 조선’의 모습을 완성해내고 있었다. 이와 같은 일본지식인의 역할은 ‘동양’ 속에서 ‘일본제국’의 정체성을 새롭게 정립하고 서양과 대결하여 동양의 맹주이자 수호자가 되고자 하는 열망의 소산이었다. 이와 같이 오늘날 우리가 경주를 기억하는 방식에는 일제강점기 일본지식인의 연구와 문화이해가 큰 영향을 끼쳐왔다. 이러한 사실을 인식하는 것이야말로 일제시대의 식민지 잔재를 넘어설 수 있는 토대가 될 것이다.

Tourism has begun in the modern era. As for Korea, tourism fully began in the Japanese colonial era, which was in the early 1910’s. Specifically, tours to historical places were widely advertised as images of the colonized Josun Dynasty. The Japanese colonial government focused on Kyeongju, which was a capital city of the Silla Dynasty from its early colonial era. This study examines how tours to Kyeongju historical places during Japanese colonial era reflects its colonialism by reviewing the plan of Japanese colonial government in the process of focusing on Kyeongju as a historical tourist place, how Japanese intellectuals’ interest in Josun’s traditional culture through Kyeongju tours can be interpreted, and how the traditional culture of Kyeongju and Joson Dynasty were succeeded . Plans of Japanese colonial government to excavate and preserve Kyeongju’s historical places and to make Kyeongju a tourist spot are as follows: First, the Japanese colonial government imitated other Western imperial nations that excavated, analyzed and re-organized ‘primitive’ colonized cultural assets to display the ‘civilized nations’s ‘advance science’ and power. Second, Japan wanted to prove that they dominated the ancient Silla to reinforce historical justification of Japan’s colonization of the Josun Dynasty. Third, the Japanese colonial government wanted to use the fact that they tried to preserve Josun’s traditional culture as propaganda to promote Japan’s generosity. The Japanese colonial government’s intentions were completed by Japanese intellectuals who visited Kyeongju and wrote about the Kyeongju discovery. That is, Japanese intellectuals who talked about Josun’s cultural values in Kyeongju interpreted Kyeongju’s specific cultural meanings as ‘Oriental’ general culture and argued that they played the role of a mentor to help discover Kyeongju’s values that were not discovered by Koreans. Also, they contrast Kyeongju that flourished in the past with Josun Dynasty that had just collapsed so as to justify the fate of Josun’s colonization by Japan. The role that Japanese intellectuals played is a result of Imperial Japan’s desire to newly establish the identity of the Japanese empire in ‘Asia’ and to be the leader and guardian of Asia, which could * Research professor, Hanseo University 24 식민통치 표상 공간 경주와 투어리즘 - 183 -

Tourism has begun in the modern era. As for Korea, tourism fully began in the Japanese colonial era, which was in the early 1910’s. Specifically, tours to historical places were widely advertised as images of the colonized Josun Dynasty. The Japanese colonial government focused on Kyeongju, which was a capital city of the Silla Dynasty from its early colonial era. This study examines how tours to Kyeongju historical places during Japanese colonial era reflects its colonialism by reviewing the plan of Japanese colonial government in the process of focusing on Kyeongju as a historical tourist place, how Japanese intellectuals’ interest in Josun’s traditional culture through Kyeongju tours can be interpreted, and how the traditional culture of Kyeongju and Joson Dynasty were succeeded . Plans of Japanese colonial government to excavate and preserve Kyeongju’s historical places and to make Kyeongju a tourist spot are as follows: First, the Japanese colonial government imitated other Western imperial nations that excavated, analyzed and re-organized ‘primitive’ colonized cultural assets to display the ‘civilized nations’s ‘advance science’ and power. Second, Japan wanted to prove that they dominated the ancient Silla to reinforce historical justification of Japan’s colonization of the Josun Dynasty. Third, the Japanese colonial government wanted to use the fact that they tried to preserve Josun’s traditional culture as propaganda to promote Japan’s generosity. The Japanese colonial government’s intentions were completed by Japanese intellectuals who visited Kyeongju and wrote about the Kyeongju discovery. That is, Japanese intellectuals who talked about Josun’s cultural values in Kyeongju interpreted Kyeongju’s specific cultural meanings as ‘Oriental’ general culture and argued that they played the role of a mentor to help discover Kyeongju’s values that were not discovered by Koreans. Also, they contrast Kyeongju that flourished in the past with Josun Dynasty that had just collapsed so as to justify the fate of Josun’s colonization by Japan. The role that Japanese intellectuals played is a result of Imperial Japan’s desire to newly establish the identity of the Japanese empire in ‘Asia’ and to be the leader and guardian of Asia, which could * Research professor, Hanseo University 24 식민통치 표상 공간 경주와 투어리즘 - 183 -

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Kyeongju, symbolic space, tourism, colonialism, Japanese travelogues, historic spot, Kimura Shizuo(木村静雄), Yanagi Muneyoshi(柳宗悅), Kinosita Mokutarou(木下杢太郎), Kaneko Chikusui(金子筑水)