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최근 많은 연구결과는 ‘외로운 늑대’ 테러리스트가 사실은 소셜 미디어 공간에서 과격 테러조직과 연결되어 급진 이념으로 무장하고 각종 테러기법을 전수받아 왔던 사실을 밝혀주고 있다. ‘참여’, ‘개방’, ‘쌍방향 대화’, ‘커뮤니티’, ‘연결’과 ‘피드백’을 특징으로 하는 소셜 미디어 진화와 더불어 '외로운 늑대' 테러리스트들은 테러조직이나 정치세력과 교감하고 공감하여 테러를 자행하는 뚜렷한 경향을 보이고 있다. IS와 같은 급진 테러조직이 소셜 미디어 공간에서 통신장비, 모병, 훈련용 비디오 및 자료전송 방법과 폭탄 제조 등 각종 공격기법을 전수해주는 한편, 온라인 훈련캠프, 동영상을 활용한 선전전, 테러자금 모금 등에 참여하도록 하는데 유인하고 있는 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 서방국가 테러에 대한 정당성을 전파하고, 외로운 늑대로 하여금 선지자 모하메드의 명예를 걸고 자국에서 테러를 감행하도록 선동하고 있다. 외로운 늑대는 이러한 소셜 미디어 환경을 활용하여 폭력 테러조직과 연계를 직접 접촉을 하지 않으면서 그들의 이념과 목표를 쫓아 급진화 되어 예상치 못한 테러로 전 세계를 놀라게 하고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 심리학자 McCauley가 개발한 ‘개인 및 단체 급진화 메커니즘’과 뉴욕경찰(NYPD)의 ‘단계적 급진화’ 모델을 기반하여 최근 발생한 이슬람국가 가담 고교생 사건 등 3건에 대한 급진화 실태를 분석 하였다. 그 결과 이들은 사회적 고립과 좌절감, 지나친 자기 과시욕(영웅심) 등 급진화의 요인을 보유하고 있었던 것으로 확인되었으며, 이들이 급진화 단계에서 나타내는 징후를 면밀 관찰함으로써 외로운 늑대형 테러를 사전에 예방할 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이에 온라인 모니터링 강화, 첨단 기술개발, 인력양성 및 국제공조 구축 등을 외로운 늑대 테러를 예방 저지하기 위한 정책적 대안으로 제시하였다.
Many studies recently show that lone wolf, known as acting by himself without directly connection to the commanding organization, is actually being radicalized and educated by radical terrorist group through social media. Social Media, such as blogs, SNS(Social Network Services), Wikis, pod casts, UCC(User Created Contents) and micro bloggings depend on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and organizations participate, open, co-create, connect and feedback in the digital age. As Social Media evolves, lone wolves have a tendency of committing terrorism attacks with shared feelings and sympathy to the terrorist group or political power. It tells us that radical terrorist groups are using social media for posting communications, recruiting, training through videos, file transferring, and teaching them how to make poisonous materials, IEDs(Improvised Explosive Devices) as well as various attacking tactics. They also use social media to make lone wolves to participate in online terror-camps, video propaganda operations and terrorist financing. In addition, they use Social Media to justify their terror activities against the Westerns and instigate lone wolf to attack his government with the name of Mohammed, the Prophet. Lone wolves also utilize this nature of social media by contacting with radical terrorist group. McCauley, who created the “Radicalization Mechanism on Individuals and Groups”, explains the radicalization of the terrorists with six factors: Personal Grievance, Political Grievance, Action, Personal Relationship, States and Thrill Seeking, and Unfreezing. On the while NYPD Model, which was studied by Silber and Bhatt, take a stance step-by-step radicalization: pre-Radicalization → Self-Identification → Indoctrination → Jihadiation. Although Korea has not experienced any terrorist attacks related to ‘lone wolf’, we should keep in mind that no country is safe from terrorism attacks nowadays. For Example, during the infamous ‘RO(Revolutionary Organization)’ membership plot meeting on May 13th 2013, the head Lee Seokki talked about the IEDs which were used at the Boston Marathon bombing terror by the lone wolves in April, 2013. This paper looks into the radicalization precess of 3 lone wolf type cases : student kim’s defect to IS, slashing attack U.S. Ambassador in Seoul and talk show bombing-alike. By using the McCaley and NYPD’s models, I found out that they were all radicalized by social isolation, frustration and excessive desire of self-display, etc. It also said that lone wolves are prone to leave some clues on social media during the process of radicalization. This means that we should examine throughly the radicalization process before they turn into terrorists. Lastly the paper proposes some alternative policies to protect our people and properties. Those are strengthening on-line surveillance, developing technologies, training experts and building international cooperation system for rooting out the lone wolf activities.
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
Terrorism, Lone Wolf, IS, Radicalization, Pressure Cooker Bomb, Social Media, Twitter
