무령왕릉에서 출토된 동물모양장식, 대추모양구슬, 목걸이 등은 지금까지 ‘탄목’ 혹은 ‘탄정’으로 만들어진 것으로 알려져 왔다. ‘탄목’이나 ‘탄정’의 사전적 의미를 보면 ‘땔나무나 숯[탄소]제품을 통틀어 이르는 말’ 이라고 설명되어 있는데, 무령왕릉 출토품과 같이 특별한 의미를 지닌 중요한 부장품의 재질을 설명하기에는 다소 부족함이 있다. 그리하여 공주 무령왕릉 출토 탄목제품에 대한 문헌조사와 과학적인 분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과 ‘매정’=‘제트(jet)’이며, ‘흑옥’으로도 지칭한다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 용어를 만들기 보다는 기존에 적합한 용어가 있으나 잘 알려지지 않아서 사용이 저조했던 용어들 중에서 ‘탄목’ 이나 ‘탄정’을 대신할 수 있는 명칭을 우선적으로 고려한 결과 ‘흑옥’이란 용어의 사용을 제안하고자 한다. 그리고 중국과 한반도에서 출토된 ‘탄목’ 또는 ‘탄정’ 유물의 예들을 정리하여 출토지역 및 시기적인 특성에 대한 검토 결과 흑옥제품은 한반도를 비롯하여 중국, 일본에서 모두 확인이 되는데, 중국의 경우는 요령성이나 내몽골자치구 등과 같은 북쪽권역은 물론이고, 남경이나 진강 등 남쪽권역에서도 출토된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한반도의 경우는 평양지역의 낙랑유적과 백제유적에서 주로 출토되는 경향이 있다. 즉, 출토품에 대한 내용을 정리해 보면 낙랑, 서북한(평양 낙랑토성 등) → 마한, 한성백제(김포 운양동, 서울 풍납토성, 서산 부장리) → 웅진백제(공주 무령왕릉, 송산리) → 사비백제(부여 왕흥사지, 능산리 절터) 로, 특히 백제권에서 주로 출토되는 특징이 있다.

It has been known that animal-shaped ornaments, bead, necklace from King Muryeong’s Tomb were made of ‘tanmok’ or ‘tanjeong’. In general meaning, ‘tanmok’ or ‘tanjeong’ is defined as an overall charcoal product, which is not enough to describe quality of artifacts having special and important meaning such as grave goods from King Muryeong’s Tomb. Therefore, literal research and scientific analysis of artifacts from King Muryeong's Tomb were conducted and it is shown that ‘maejeong’ is ‘jet’ and it is also called as ‘heugok(black jewel)’. In this analysis, we tried searching previously defined term which had been rarely used, rather than creating new one. Among them, we suggest using ‘heugok(black jewel)’ instead of ‘tanmok’ or ‘tanjeong’. When it comes to the spatial and chronological distributions of several charcoal artifacts, heugok(black jewel) products are discovered in Korea, China and Japan. In China, it is excavated from southern region such as Nanjing or Zhenjiang as well as from northen region such as Liaoning or Neimenggu. In Korea, it is mainly found at Nangnang site in Pyeongyang and at Baekje site. The discovered spots of ‘heugok(black jewel)’ product in Korea are summarized as follows: Nangnang, Northwestern Korean Peninsula(North Korea)[Nangnangtoseong Earthen Wall in Pyeongyang] → Mahan, Hanseong period of Baekje(Unyang-dong in Gimpo & Pungnaptoseong Earthen Wall in Seoul & Bujang-ri in Seosan) → Ungjin period of Baekje(King Muryeong’s Tomb & Songsan-ri Tomb Complex) → Sabi[Buyeo] period of Baekje(Wangheungsa Temple Site & Neungsan-ri Temple Site in Buyeo). Most of the them belongs to Baekje Kingdom(18 BC-AD 660).

It has been known that animal-shaped ornaments, bead, necklace from King Muryeong’s Tomb were made of ‘tanmok’ or ‘tanjeong’. In general meaning, ‘tanmok’ or ‘tanjeong’ is defined as an overall charcoal product, which is not enough to describe quality of artifacts having special and important meaning such as grave goods from King Muryeong’s Tomb. Therefore, literal research and scientific analysis of artifacts from King Muryeong's Tomb were conducted and it is shown that ‘maejeong’ is ‘jet’ and it is also called as ‘heugok(black jewel)’. In this analysis, we tried searching previously defined term which had been rarely used, rather than creating new one. Among them, we suggest using ‘heugok(black jewel)’ instead of ‘tanmok’ or ‘tanjeong’. When it comes to the spatial and chronological distributions of several charcoal artifacts, heugok(black jewel) products are discovered in Korea, China and Japan. In China, it is excavated from southern region such as Nanjing or Zhenjiang as well as from northen region such as Liaoning or Neimenggu. In Korea, it is mainly found at Nangnang site in Pyeongyang and at Baekje site. The discovered spots of ‘heugok(black jewel)’ product in Korea are summarized as follows: Nangnang, Northwestern Korean Peninsula(North Korea)[Nangnangtoseong Earthen Wall in Pyeongyang] → Mahan, Hanseong period of Baekje(Unyang-dong in Gimpo & Pungnaptoseong Earthen Wall in Seoul & Bujang-ri in Seosan) → Ungjin period of Baekje(King Muryeong’s Tomb & Songsan-ri Tomb Complex) → Sabi[Buyeo] period of Baekje(Wangheungsa Temple Site & Neungsan-ri Temple Site in Buyeo). Most of the them belongs to Baekje Kingdom(18 BC-AD 660).

King Muryeong’s Tomb, tanmok, tanjeong, jet, heugok(black jewel)