이 글은 『史記』에 수록된 내용들을 중심으로 중국 고대 저명한 사학자였던 사마천의 역사인식과 철학사상을 분석하고자 하는데 목적을 두었다.『史記』는 중국사학사를 개괄하고 있는 25부의 ‘正史’중의 首部로서 방대하고 심오한 체계와 독특한 기술방식으로 인해 지금까지 줄곧 중국학자들의 깊은 관심을 받아왔다. 『史記』에서 반영된 사마천의 역사인식과 철학사상을 요약하면 다음과 같이 정리될 수 있다. 첫째, 歷史變易思想은 사마천의 역사인식을 가장 충분히 반영하고 있는 역사철학사상이다. 사마천는 천지자연과 인류사회는 모두 끊임없는 변화 중에 있다고 보았다. 또한 그는 先秦이래 유물주의사상을 계승하였으며, 天道의 人事에 대한 干涉을 반대한다. 특히 그의 “窮天人之際”의 핵심사상은 天道와 人事의 연구를 통해 역사발전의 원인에 대한 가장 근본적인 해석을 찾고자하는데 있었다. 둘째, 大一統사상이다.『史記』는 中国古代史에서 제일 처음으로 되는 記傳体通史이다. 사마천은『史記』를 통해 蛮夷民族歷史를 中华全史의 구성부분으로 記述하고 있다. 더욱 중요한 것은『史記』에서 夷夏를 중국역사의 공통된 창조자로 인정하고, 夷夏의 각 민족을 모두 黄帝의 子孙으로, 民族의 大家庭 속에서 여러 民族은 마땅히 竝列되어 있는 关系로 보아야 한다고 주장하였다. 셋째, "貨殖"에 대한 긍정적 시각이다. 즉 사마천은 人欲이 物质財富를 창조할 수 있는 動力이라는 주장을 세우고, 사람마다 부유해지려는 행위를 독려했다. 사마천은 重义轻利와 义利并重하는 사상을 동시에 수렴하고 물질적으로 부유해지는 것은 사회발전의 기본으로 사람들의 安身立命之本이라 주장한다. 넷째, "仁学"은 儒家 도덕철학체계에서의 核心思想으로서 儒家의 인생 도덕 수양을 적극 강조했다. 그는 先秦이래 "仁学"사상에 대해 비판적으로 수용하고, 추상적인 仁學을 구체화 시켜 최종적으로 실용성이 있는 사회도덕의 관점으로 전환시키려 하였다. 사마천의 이러한 노력은 중국철학의 仁學사상을 진일보 시켰으며, 以德治国의 정치방침을 관철시키고 실시하는데 중요한 의의를 갖게 된다.

This thesis follows the Records of the Grand Historian and analyzes historical cognition and philosophic thinking of Sima Qian who's the famous ancient Chinese historian. There are 25 official histories in Chinese historiography. The Records of the Grand Historian is the only one that the system is tremendous and profound. Because of its unique writing style, it is always concerned by Chinese scholars so far. The Records of the Grand Historian reflects the historical cognition and philosophic thinkingof Sima Qian. It concludes following aspects: Ⅰ. The thought of historical variation. It's the main idea in his historical cognition. It means that temporal changes incessantly. He inherited materialism from Early Qing and opposed that the way of heaven interfered personnel. Especially, the core concept of "窮天人之際" , by searching the way of heaven andpersonnel to find the basic reason of history development. II. The thought of great unification. The Records of the Grand Historian is the first history presented in a series of biographies in Chinese ancient history. He thought that the minority history is one part of Chinese history. Mainly, the positions of minority and others are equal. III. The policy of engage in trade. He agreed this policy. He thought that the desire is the motion to create wealth. We should encourage people who want to be rich. Wealth is the basic of social development and living. Meanwhile, he advocates that both personal loyalty and benefit are important. IV. Philosophy of Humanity. It's the core concept of Confucianism. Sima Qian inherited the thought from Early Qing critically. He made abstract Philosophy of Humanity material. Finally, he transferred it into practical thought of philosophy. Because of his efforts, Chinese philosophy has made a great stride. And it has significance to carry out the policy that runs the country with morality.

This thesis follows the Records of the Grand Historian and analyzes historical cognition and philosophic thinking of Sima Qian who's the famous ancient Chinese historian. There are 25 official histories in Chinese historiography. The Records of the Grand Historian is the only one that the system is tremendous and profound. Because of its unique writing style, it is always concerned by Chinese scholars so far. The Records of the Grand Historian reflects the historical cognition and philosophic thinkingof Sima Qian. It concludes following aspects: Ⅰ. The thought of historical variation. It's the main idea in his historical cognition. It means that temporal changes incessantly. He inherited materialism from Early Qing and opposed that the way of heaven interfered personnel. Especially, the core concept of "窮天人之際" , by searching the way of heaven andpersonnel to find the basic reason of history development. II. The thought of great unification. The Records of the Grand Historian is the first history presented in a series of biographies in Chinese ancient history. He thought that the minority history is one part of Chinese history. Mainly, the positions of minority and others are equal. III. The policy of engage in trade. He agreed this policy. He thought that the desire is the motion to create wealth. We should encourage people who want to be rich. Wealth is the basic of social development and living. Meanwhile, he advocates that both personal loyalty and benefit are important. IV. Philosophy of Humanity. It's the core concept of Confucianism. Sima Qian inherited the thought from Early Qing critically. He made abstract Philosophy of Humanity material. Finally, he transferred it into practical thought of philosophy. Because of his efforts, Chinese philosophy has made a great stride. And it has significance to carry out the policy that runs the country with morality.

Sima Qian, The Records of the Grand Historian, Historical Cognition, Philosophic Thinking