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The use of dhāraṇī in T'ang dynasty Ch'an Buddhism is usually interpreted as due to the influence of a newly arising “Esoteric Buddhism.” However, there is growing awareness that various uses of dhāraṇī had been widespread before, and several scholars have shown that dhāraṇī play an important role both in the Pŏpkyedo ki and the Haein sammae non. Thus, in the former text the very notion of mutual interpenetration and virtual identity, a core concept of Hwaŏm/Hua-yen thought, is associated with the “Dhāraṇī Dharma of the One vehicle.” A synopsis of pertinent passages from these texts and the Hwaŏmgyŏng mundap shows that certain “one is all, all is one” formulae referred to by this and similar weighty expressions indeed may be considered the very core of 7th century Silla Hwaŏm thought and practice. Interestingly enough, these formulae later reoccur in Chan texts, and the use of the term dhāraṇī in Hwaŏm anticipates the particular use of dhāraṇī which Kūkai defines as mantra and claims to be unique to the “esoteric” tradition.
