독일 법률가의 활동범위를 단순한 송무나 법률상담에 국한하지 않고, 국제적 법률시장으로 활 동영역을 점차 다양하게 확장하기 위하여 독일연방법 차원에서 법률가 양성제도의 개혁에 관한 법을 정하였다. 이 개혁법에 따라 법학교육과정과 졸업시험, 1차시험 합격 후의 실무교육규정 및 2차 시험내 용 등에서 커다란 변화를 가져왔다. 본고에서는 독일의 실무교육제도에 관한 내용, 특히 바이에른주에 서 1차 국가시험 합격 이후의 실무수습업무를 중심으로 검토해 보았다. 제1차 국가시험 합격 후 실무 수습 기간은 2년이다. 실무수습 기간에는 민사법원, 검찰청이나 형사법원, 행정관청 및 변호사 사무실 과 같은 필수실무기관에서 수습을 받아야 한다. 실무교육은 초국가기관, 외국의 연수기관 또는 외국의 변호사 사무실 등 적절한 영역에서 이루어질 수 있다. 독일 내 법과대학이나 스파이어 행정대학원에서 도 실무연수가 가능하다. 필수실무기관에서의 수습기간은 최소 3개월이 걸리며, 변호사 사무실에서의 수습은 9개월이 소요된다. 이처럼 변호사 사무실에 수습기간을 9개월로 늘리고, 기초과정을 설치함으로 써 이론적인 변호사 실무교육을 더욱 강화하였다. 특히 필기시험과 관련하여 변호사 교육의 비중을 법 적으로 강화하는 규정을 두고 있다. 바이에른 주법에서는 변호사 사무실에서 실무연수를 받는 경우 공 증인, 기업, 단체, 그 밖의 실무기관에서도 연수를 받을 수 있다고 정한다. 제2차 국가시험에서 필기시험은 빠르면 18개월, 늦으면 21개월의 수습기간을 마치고 응시할 수 있다. 이 시험은 최소한 필수수습기관에서의 수습받은 내용을 평가하는 시험이다. 州法에서 필기시험과목으 로 감독논문시험 이외에 논문과제시험을 의무화하고 있는 경우, 필기시험은 모든 실무수습과정을 마친 후에 응시해야 한다. 필수선택실무는 제2차 국가시험의 필기시험에 맞추어 JAPO 제49조 제1항에서 열 거하고 있는 7개의 직업군에서 이수할 수 있다. 필수선택실무를 받기 위한 수습기관은 사법연수생 실 무수습과정에 관한 바이에른주 법무부와 내무부 및 바이에른 변호사협회의 합동공고(2005년 4월 28일 자)를 통해 승인한다.

Having passed the first state exam, each graduate becomes a “Referendar”(trainee) and has the right to enter the second stage of training. Depending on the demand and the situation in the different federal states, students seeking admission to the “Vorbereitungsdienst”(preparatory service) might have to wait for a place. The preparatory service is organized completely by the individual federal states and has nothing to do with University. It involves 24 months, consisting of lectures on selected aspects and on-the-job training in different legal professions. The lectures are given by legal practitioners, mainly judges. Before the most recent reform, only a couple of months of the practical legal training had to be spent at a lawyer’s office. Most of the time was spent working as a law clerk in a civil court, then in a criminal court (or at a public prosecutor’s office) and in public administration. Of late, at least nine months out of the two years have to be completed at a lawyer’s office; training for the practice of law has therefore become a more integral part of the second stage. In the state of Bayern the other stages are as follows: civil court (five months), criminal court or public prosecutor’s office (three months), administration or administrative court (four months) and three months of almost free choice among the existing legal professions. The duration of the stages varies slightly in the different federal states. The second phase of German legal education ends with the second state exam. The subject-matter of the exam is approximately the same as in the first exam and the pattern is similar too. But the examination papers will typically be longer in the second exam and provide more detailed factual information, often in the form of legal documents. The candidate will less often be asked to give an expert opinion on the case, but rather to draft a judgment or an indictment. The emphasis of the examination lies on procedural aspects and the techniques of law in practice. The second state exam entitles successful candidates, who are now known as an “Assesor” or a “Volljurist”(fully qualified lawyer), to start working in any other legal profession too. Those who pass may now try to secure an appointment as a judge, as a notary, as a public prosecutor or as an advisor in the legal department of a firm.

Having passed the first state exam, each graduate becomes a “Referendar”(trainee) and has the right to enter the second stage of training. Depending on the demand and the situation in the different federal states, students seeking admission to the “Vorbereitungsdienst”(preparatory service) might have to wait for a place. The preparatory service is organized completely by the individual federal states and has nothing to do with University. It involves 24 months, consisting of lectures on selected aspects and on-the-job training in different legal professions. The lectures are given by legal practitioners, mainly judges. Before the most recent reform, only a couple of months of the practical legal training had to be spent at a lawyer’s office. Most of the time was spent working as a law clerk in a civil court, then in a criminal court (or at a public prosecutor’s office) and in public administration. Of late, at least nine months out of the two years have to be completed at a lawyer’s office; training for the practice of law has therefore become a more integral part of the second stage. In the state of Bayern the other stages are as follows: civil court (five months), criminal court or public prosecutor’s office (three months), administration or administrative court (four months) and three months of almost free choice among the existing legal professions. The duration of the stages varies slightly in the different federal states. The second phase of German legal education ends with the second state exam. The subject-matter of the exam is approximately the same as in the first exam and the pattern is similar too. But the examination papers will typically be longer in the second exam and provide more detailed factual information, often in the form of legal documents. The candidate will less often be asked to give an expert opinion on the case, but rather to draft a judgment or an indictment. The emphasis of the examination lies on procedural aspects and the techniques of law in practice. The second state exam entitles successful candidates, who are now known as an “Assesor” or a “Volljurist”(fully qualified lawyer), to start working in any other legal profession too. Those who pass may now try to secure an appointment as a judge, as a notary, as a public prosecutor or as an advisor in the legal department of a firm.

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German Legal Education, fully qualified lawyer(Volljurist), preparatory service(Vorbereitungsdienst), working team(AG), obligatory stage, secondary stage first state exam(Referendar Examen), second state exam(Assessor Examen), general studies/key qualifications(Schlüsselqualifikatio nen), The federal Law on the Judiciary(Richtergesetz), Federal Regulation for Legal Practitioners/Advocates(BRAO)