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I have discussed about Signum, Sacramentum, ‘Feriale Duranum’ and camp of Roman army. The Signum of Roman army indicates an eagle and the image of Emperor. Eagle symbolized Rome, and it was regarded the most dishonorable thing that it would be taken in war. The eagle however was also the object to be worshiped by soldiers. Emperor image had both a political and a religious meaning. Politically it helped the soldiers boost their identity and cooperative spirit. Religiously emperor image was an object of worship. Soldiers offered worship to emperor image as well as gods. Roman army as most other armies demanded Sacramentum from soldiers. Politically Sacramentum put emphasis on the unity of soldiers and urges them to personal loyalty to emperor. In the point of religious view, however, Sacramentum was basically related to religious feeling. Sacramentum by the names of gods and emperor had both legal and sacred meaning. It can be seen that Roman calendar, ‘Feriale Duranum’, had both political and religious aspects. This calendar called to mind emperor’s achievements and grace on soldiers. Many festivals were celebrated for emperor and sacrifices as well were offered to him. It might be through the sacrifices to living emperor and gods that soldiers aroused their faith in emperor. Politically this calendar was a result of Augustus’s program to organize uniformly the army. His concern on Roman customs was extended to army. Augustus wished soldiers would have traditional belief. In ancient world, as cities had religious significance, the barracks of Roman army were a kind of cities with religious meaning. A centre of barrack had aedes where eagle and emperor image were enshrined. In front of this tent were celebrated religious ceremonies. This place, in which an altar was built for emperor, was sacred and symbolized emperor’s Genius. Sacrifices offered on this altar in the point of religious view were pure worship to emperor and politically gave soldiers solid unity. In ancient states, politics and religion could not be clearly separated. Similarly, Roman army emperor cult had both political and religious significance.
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Emperor Cult, Roman army, Signum, Sacramentum,‘Feriale Duranum’
