본고는 조선 초기에 진행된 토산물의 분포와 생산의 변동에 따른 공안 개정의 추이를 분석하였다. 국초부터 국가정책으로 추진된 농지개간, 포호 및 강무활동 등은 한반도에서 급격한 생태환경의 변화를 야기하였다. 이에 任土作貢을 원리로 공납제를 운영한 조선국가는 생태환경의 변화에 수반하는 토산물의 변화에 조응하여 여러 차례 공안개정을 단행하였다. 임토작공에서 ‘土’란 토지생산력을 기준으로 공물을 분정하여 수취한다는 것으로, 공물분정은 ‘分田制貢’과 ‘隨其所産’을 조화시키는 과정이었다. 국초의 농지개간 정책으로 인해 삼남 지방은 농지개간의 진전에 따라 야생금수류의 서식지가 급격히 줄어들고, 수산물의 산지가 늘어나기 시작했다. 조선국가는 공물의 수취보다 농본주의 경제정책에 부합하는 농지개간을 더욱 중시하였고, 농지개간이 초래하는 산물의 변화에 조응하여 공안을 改正하였다. 태조 1년(1392)에 貢賦詳定都監에서 마련한 공안은 ‘分田制貢’과 ‘隨其所産’의 조화를 추구한 것이었다. 농지개간의 진전에 따라 태종 8년에는 제주도에 공안을 처음 마련하였고, 태종 13년(1413) 이후에는 양계 지역에서도 임토작공에 따른 공납제를 시행하였다. 농지개간에 따른 토산물의 변화가 나타남에 따라 태종 15년에서 17년까지 다양한 공안개정론이 제기되었다. 이는 태종 18년 국가의 경비를 절감하면서 각 지방에서 생산할 수 있는 것으로 공물을 분정한다는 ‘隨其所産’의 원칙을 관철하는 것이었다. 세종대에 지속된 농지개간과 강무활동으로 인한 가용공간의 확대와 산물의 변화 역시 전국적으로 진행되었다. 세종대 전반에는 농지개간의 진전으로 각 지방의 땔감과 야생금수류 생산이 감소하였다. 이와 달리 새로운 가용공간으로 편입된 하천과 해안지역에서는 새로운 어장과 수량의 설치에 비례하여 수산물의 생산이 크게 늘어났다. 이에 세종 21년(1439)에는 隨其所産을 준용하면서 평안도와 하삼도의 공안을 개록하였으며, 이러한 기준은 세종 30년에 함길도 갑산부의 공물감면에도 적용되었다. 세종 집권 후반기에 지속된 농지개간으로 하삼도의 공안을 개록한 지 7년이 지난 세종 28년에 田制詳定所에서 다시 공물상정을 시작했다. 그리고 지속적인 논의와 상정과정을 거쳐 세조 11년에 乙酉貢案(1465)으로 정리하고, 2년 뒤에 『新定收貢法』을 인반하는 것으로 일단락 지었다. 이 시기 실록의 기록은 농지개간으로 하삼도의 야생금수류가 핍절되는 가운데, 수산물의 생산은 큰 폭으로 증가하였음을 보여준다. 이러한 산물변화에 대응하여 하삼도에 분정했던 야생금수류의 공액 가운데 많은 부분을 강무장과 북삼도 지역으로 이정하였다. 대신 하삼도에서는 관어전의 결전을 허용하고, 어전으로부터 국용을 충당하기 시작하였다. 이러한 세조대의 공안개정에서도 임토작공 가운데 隨其所産의 원칙을 지키려고 노력하였음을 확인할 수 있다.

In the early Chosun Dynasty, farmland reclamation, tiger hunting and military training activities promoted as national policies from the beginning of the dynasty brought rapid changes in ecological environment to the Korean Peninsula. Thus, the country revised the tribute system several times in response to changes in local products accompanying such changes in ecological environment. The Chosun Dynasty tried to operate the tribute system based on the rule of Imtojakgong (任土作貢：tribute collection based on local products). In Imtojakgong, ‘to’ means that tributes are imposed and collected based on land productivity. Because tribute imposition was to meet the state’s financial demand, the state’s financial need was the primary consideration in tribute imposition. The secondary consideration was tribute imposition based on productivity, which involved the process of harmonizing ‘Bunjeonjegong(分田制貢)’ and ‘Sugisosan(隨其所産).’ Due to farmland reclamation promoted as a national policy in the early Chosun Dynasty, local products were changed rapidly. In the three southern provinces, the habitats of wild animals were reduced and the production of marine products increased. Out of its agriculture‐oriented economic policies, the government emphasized farmland reclamation rather than the collection of tributes, and revised the tribute system in response to changes in products resulting from farmland reclamation. The tribute system prepared by Gongbusangjeongdogam in the 1st year of King Taejo (1392) pursued harmony between ‘Bunjeonjegong’ and ‘Sugisosan.’ With progress in farmland reclamation, the tribute system was established first in the Jeju Island in the 8th year of King Taejong, and the tribute system based on Imtojakgong was enacted in the Yanggye area in the 13th year of King Taejong (1413). With the appearance of changes in local products resulting from farmland reclamation, various suggestions were made on the revision of the tribute system during the period from the 15th to 17th year of King Taejong. As a result, in the 18th year of King Taejong, the principle of ‘Sugisosan,’ which means imposing tributes that can be produced in each province while saving national expenditures, was implemented. Due to farmland reclamation and military training activities that continued through the reign of King Sejong, available spaces were expanded and products were changed throughout the country. During the early period of King Sejong, progress in farmland reclamation decreased the production of firewood and wild animals. On the contrary, new fishing grounds and facilities were created in rivers and coastal areas that were newly included as available spaces, and this increased the production of marine products considerably. As Sugisosan was adopted in the 21st year of King Sejong, the tribute system was revised in Pyeongan‐do and the three southern provinces, and in the 30th year of King Sejong, this standard was applied also to the reduction and exemption of tribute in Gapsan‐bu, Hamgil‐do. Due to farmland reclamation that continued in the late period of King Sejong, in the 28th year of King Sejong (1446) after 7 years from the revision of the tribute system in the three southern provinces, Jeonjesangjeongso began to review the tribute system again. Through continuous discussion and review, the tribute system was revised again in the 11th year of King Sejo, and after two years, Sinjeongsugongbeop was approved. Historical records in those days show that, because of farmland reclamation, the number of wild animals was reduced drastically but the production of marine products increased remarkably in the three southern provinces. In response to such changes in products, a large part of wild animals imposed upon the three southern provinces was transferred to Gangmujang and the three northern provinces. Instead, the three southern provinces were allowed to pay tributes with products from the government’s fishing grounds. In the revisions of the tribute system during the reign of King Sejo as well, we can see that efforts were made to keep the principle of Sugisosan in Imtojakgong.

In the early Chosun Dynasty, farmland reclamation, tiger hunting and military training activities promoted as national policies from the beginning of the dynasty brought rapid changes in ecological environment to the Korean Peninsula. Thus, the country revised the tribute system several times in response to changes in local products accompanying such changes in ecological environment. The Chosun Dynasty tried to operate the tribute system based on the rule of Imtojakgong (任土作貢：tribute collection based on local products). In Imtojakgong, ‘to’ means that tributes are imposed and collected based on land productivity. Because tribute imposition was to meet the state’s financial demand, the state’s financial need was the primary consideration in tribute imposition. The secondary consideration was tribute imposition based on productivity, which involved the process of harmonizing ‘Bunjeonjegong(分田制貢)’ and ‘Sugisosan(隨其所産).’ Due to farmland reclamation promoted as a national policy in the early Chosun Dynasty, local products were changed rapidly. In the three southern provinces, the habitats of wild animals were reduced and the production of marine products increased. Out of its agriculture‐oriented economic policies, the government emphasized farmland reclamation rather than the collection of tributes, and revised the tribute system in response to changes in products resulting from farmland reclamation. The tribute system prepared by Gongbusangjeongdogam in the 1st year of King Taejo (1392) pursued harmony between ‘Bunjeonjegong’ and ‘Sugisosan.’ With progress in farmland reclamation, the tribute system was established first in the Jeju Island in the 8th year of King Taejong, and the tribute system based on Imtojakgong was enacted in the Yanggye area in the 13th year of King Taejong (1413). With the appearance of changes in local products resulting from farmland reclamation, various suggestions were made on the revision of the tribute system during the period from the 15th to 17th year of King Taejong. As a result, in the 18th year of King Taejong, the principle of ‘Sugisosan,’ which means imposing tributes that can be produced in each province while saving national expenditures, was implemented. Due to farmland reclamation and military training activities that continued through the reign of King Sejong, available spaces were expanded and products were changed throughout the country. During the early period of King Sejong, progress in farmland reclamation decreased the production of firewood and wild animals. On the contrary, new fishing grounds and facilities were created in rivers and coastal areas that were newly included as available spaces, and this increased the production of marine products considerably. As Sugisosan was adopted in the 21st year of King Sejong, the tribute system was revised in Pyeongan‐do and the three southern provinces, and in the 30th year of King Sejong, this standard was applied also to the reduction and exemption of tribute in Gapsan‐bu, Hamgil‐do. Due to farmland reclamation that continued in the late period of King Sejong, in the 28th year of King Sejong (1446) after 7 years from the revision of the tribute system in the three southern provinces, Jeonjesangjeongso began to review the tribute system again. Through continuous discussion and review, the tribute system was revised again in the 11th year of King Sejo, and after two years, Sinjeongsugongbeop was approved. Historical records in those days show that, because of farmland reclamation, the number of wild animals was reduced drastically but the production of marine products increased remarkably in the three southern provinces. In response to such changes in products, a large part of wild animals imposed upon the three southern provinces was transferred to Gangmujang and the three northern provinces. Instead, the three southern provinces were allowed to pay tributes with products from the government’s fishing grounds. In the revisions of the tribute system during the reign of King Sejo as well, we can see that efforts were made to keep the principle of Sugisosan in Imtojakgong.

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Farmland reclamation, tiger hunting and military training activities, changes in local products, revision of the tribute system, Imtojakgong(任土作貢), Bunjeonjegong(分田制貢), Sugisosan(隨其所産)