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Despite implanting buoyant hopes for South Korea’s modern and democratic transformation, the April Revolution of 1960 gave way to the military coup of 1961 and the restoration of authoritarian rule. For this reason, April 19th came to be known in subsequent years as an “incomplete revolution” by nationalist intellectuals. This article examines the discourse of national regeneration in the aftermath of April 19th and May 16th to demonstrate the interrelatedness of the two events. The study contends that this pair of seminal developments generated, and was generated by, widespread perceptions of historical transition from an undesirable colonial past to a more desirable postcolonial future. Emergent nationalist beliefs in the start of a new phase in national history played a crucial role in consolidating the framework for political struggles and historical change in the era of developmental authoritarianism.