The crisis that resulted from the two failed referenda in France and the Netherlands in 2005, and Ireland in 2008, was a major shock to the European Union (EU). The prospects of the Lisbon Treaty being ratified during 2008 are highly unlikely as the Irish may not hold a second referendum until the spring of 2009. Meanwhile all other EU Member States are committed to continuing the ratification process. Whatever the motives of those voting no, few dispute the thesis that in light of probable increasing threats to Europe during the coming decades there is an urgent need for a more coherent and effective EU as an actor on the international stage. Even if one considers the current global challenges, whether unrest in much of Africa and the wider Middle East, the re-emergence of Russia, the rise of China, dealing with terrorism, nuclear proliferation, energy security or climate change, it is clear that a united European voice will count far more than 27 disparate voices. (The rest is omitted.)

Executive Summary

I. The World Facing Europe in 2025

II. The Development of CFSP
The EU's Foreign Policy Record
ESDP - the Defence Dimension

III. The Internal/External Interplay

IV. The Making of EU Foreign Policy

V. The New High Representative/Vice President (Foreign Minister)
The External Service
Other Changes
Energy

VI. The Trade Paradigm
Effective Multilateralism
Future Prospects

References